In clinical practice, acupuncture anesthesia presents a multitude of advantages, pivotal among these being Body System Protection. This technique supports the body's natural defenses, reducing the physiological stress often associated with surgical procedures. By modulating the body's response to pain, acupuncture anesthesia allows for a lower Dosage of Medication, significantly reducing the potential for drug-related side effects. Furthermore, this approach plays a crucial role in Emotion Regulation, helping patients maintain a calm and stable emotional state, which is essential for a positive surgical outcome. The impact of acupuncture on the nervous system not only aids in Pain Relief but also promotes Enhanced Recovery After Surgery. Patients tend to experience faster recuperation times, attributed to the holistic nature of this method. Additionally, acupuncture anesthesia is associated with a Lower Incidence of Side Effects compared to conventional anesthetics. Its ability to modulate and balance the body's responses makes it an invaluable tool in the realm of modern medicine, offering a safer, more patient-centered approach to pain management and recovery.

           
Pain Relief
Cancer Pain
Acupuncture anesthesia offers effective cancer pain relief, improving the quality of life for cancer patients.
Pain Relief
Acupuncture anesthesia provides robust pain relief, reducing the need for postoperative analgesics.
Analgesic Effect
Acupuncture anesthesia's analgesic effect offers profound pain relief, particularly beneficial for patients with chronic pain conditions.
Visceral Pain
Acupuncture anesthesia can address visceral pain, improving the surgical experience for patients.
Neuralgia
Acupuncture anesthesia offers relief from neuralgia, reducing pain and discomfort.
Inflammatory Pain
Acupuncture anesthesia's anti-inflammatory properties make it effective in managing inflammatory pain conditions.

Acupuncture anesthesia for Pain Relief-Visceral Pain


PMID Evidence Source Keyword Type
16799881 It is conceivable that acupuncture may be effective in patients with functional GI disorders because it has been shown to alter acid secretion, GI motility, and visceral pain. J Gastroenterol. 2006 May;41(5):408-17. doi: 10.1007/s00535-006-1773-6. Visceral Pain Review
21992155 Acupuncture may be effective in patients with functional GI disorders because of its effects on GI motility and visceral pain. Neuromodulation. 2011 Jan;14(1):8-12; discussion 12. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2010.00295.x. Epub 2010 Oct 7. Visceral Pain Review
24215928 Acupuncture may be effective in patients with functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders because of its effects on GI motility and visceral pain. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2013;111:273-94. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-411545-3.00014-6. Visceral Pain Review
26740224 Acupuncture can also help to adjust visceral functions and works most effectively in facilitating the process of digestion and restraining visceral pain. Chin J Integr Med. 2016 May;22(5):394-400. doi: 10.1007/s11655-015-2088-3. Epub 2016 Jan 7. Visceral Pain Review
24322588 In the last decade, preclinical investigations of electroacupuncture mechanisms on persistent tissue-injury (inflammatory), nerve-injury (neuropathic), cancer, and visceral pain have increased. Anesthesiology. 2014 Feb;120(2):482-503. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000101. Visceral Pain Review
24322588 Increasing evidence shows that acupuncture effectively alleviates visceral pain in animal models through peripheral, spinal, and supraspinal mechanisms (fig. Anesthesiology. 2014 Feb;120(2):482-503. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000101. Visceral Pain Review
24322588 Numerous peripheral chemicals including neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and cytokines are involved in electroacupuncture inhibition of visceral pain. Anesthesiology. 2014 Feb;120(2):482-503. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000101. Visceral Pain Review
24322588 Alternation of 5 and100 Hz electroacupuncture bilaterally at ST36 significantly decreased visceral pain and colon 5-HT3R levels in an irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) model induced by intrarectal administration of acetic acid. Anesthesiology. 2014 Feb;120(2):482-503. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000101. Visceral Pain Review
24322588 These studies demonstrate that electroacupuncture relieves visceral pain by modulating mast cells, SP, VIP, 5-HT3Rs, and TNF-α function. Anesthesiology. 2014 Feb;120(2):482-503. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000101. Visceral Pain Review
24322588 Thus it seems that electroacupuncture decreases numerous chemicals at peripheral sites to desensitize visceral afferents and alleviate visceral pain. Anesthesiology. 2014 Feb;120(2):482-503. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000101. Visceral Pain Review
24322588 Opioids are involved in electroacupuncture inhibition of visceral pain. Anesthesiology. 2014 Feb;120(2):482-503. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000101. Visceral Pain Review
24322588 Pretreatment with 20 Hz electroacupuncture at Jiaji (EX-B2) significantly inhibited intracolonic formalin-caused visceral pain behavior, including abdominal licking, backward extension, contraction of the flanks, and whole body contraction. Anesthesiology. 2014 Feb;120(2):482-503. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000101. Visceral Pain Review
24322588 Taken together, electroacupuncture alleviates visceral pain by modulating spinal and DRG activities through endogenous opioids. Anesthesiology. 2014 Feb;120(2):482-503. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000101. Visceral Pain Review
24322588 As discussed in 1.2.4, endogenous electroacupuncture-induced opioids reduce the release of neurotransmitters such as SP and subsequently inhibit glial cell activation, which might decrease p38 phosphorylation and inhibit visceral pain. Anesthesiology. 2014 Feb;120(2):482-503. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000101. Visceral Pain Review
24322588 Electroacupuncture might also attenuate visceral pain through supraspinal mechanisms. Anesthesiology. 2014 Feb;120(2):482-503. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000101. Visceral Pain Review
24322588 An early study showed that vasopressinergic neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus participate in the electroacupuncture inhibition of visceral pain induced by an intraperitoneal injection of antimonium potassium tartrate. Anesthesiology. 2014 Feb;120(2):482-503. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000101. Visceral Pain Review
24322588 In a gastric distension-induced pain model, 10 or 100 Hz electroacupuncture at ST36 significantly mitigated visceral pain assessed with AWR and increased hypothalamus β-endorphin and SP. Anesthesiology. 2014 Feb;120(2):482-503. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000101. Visceral Pain Review
24322588 In an IBS rat model produced by mechanical colorectal irritation, alternating 2 and 50 Hz electroacupuncture at ST37 significantly inhibited visceral pain and hypothalamic CRF synthesis. Anesthesiology. 2014 Feb;120(2):482-503. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000101. Visceral Pain Review
24322588 Since an intra-RVM NMDAR antagonist inhibited visceral pain, electroacupuncture might relieve visceral pain by inhibiting NMDAR activation in the RVM. Anesthesiology. 2014 Feb;120(2):482-503. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000101. Visceral Pain Review
24322588 Collectively, several chemicals, including β-endorphin and 5-HT, are involved in electroacupuncture inhibition of visceral pain (fig. Anesthesiology. 2014 Feb;120(2):482-503. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000101. Visceral Pain Review
24322588 Also, although brain structures such as the thalamic ventrobasal nucleus, the hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus, dorsal raphe nuclei, and the RVM are involved in electroacupuncture action, how those structures work together to modulate visceral pain during electroacupuncture treatment warrants further investigation. Anesthesiology. 2014 Feb;120(2):482-503. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000101. Visceral Pain Review
24322588 In summary, the studies show that electroacupuncture significantly alleviated inflammatory, neuropathic, cancer, and visceral pain in the corresponding animal models (fig. Anesthesiology. 2014 Feb;120(2):482-503. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000101. Visceral Pain Review
24322588 Numerous papers report that electroacupuncture inhibits visceral pain through peripheral, spinal, and supraspinal mechanisms with involvement of SP, SP receptors, VIP, and VIP receptors in the colon, 5-HT and p38 in the spinal cord, hypothalamic β-endorphin, SP, CRF, neuropeptide Y, and 5-HT in the brainstem, and NMDAR in the RVM. Anesthesiology. 2014 Feb;120(2):482-503. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000101. Visceral Pain Review
24322588 Electroacupuncture inhibits inflammatory, neuropathic, cancer, and visceral pain in various animal models. Anesthesiology. 2014 Feb;120(2):482-503. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000101. Visceral Pain Review
24322588 Mechanisms of electroacupuncture inhibition of visceral pain. Anesthesiology. 2014 Feb;120(2):482-503. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000101. Visceral Pain Review
25614752 Acupuncture for Visceral Pain: Neural Substrates and Potential Mechanisms Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:609594. doi: 10.1155/2014/609594. Epub 2014 Dec 29. Visceral Pain Review
25614752 Acupuncture has long been used for the management of numerous disorders in particular pain and visceral pain, characterized by the high therapeutic benefits and low adverse effects. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:609594. doi: 10.1155/2014/609594. Epub 2014 Dec 29. Visceral Pain Adverse Reactions Review
25614752 In this review, after describing the visceral innervation and the relevant afferent pathways, in particular the ion channels in visceral nociception, we propose three principal mechanisms responsible for acupuncture induced benefits on visceral pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:609594. doi: 10.1155/2014/609594. Epub 2014 Dec 29. Visceral Pain Review
25614752 Since 1950s, a large number of studies have been carried out in elucidating the mechanism behind acupuncture for varied types of pain including visceral pain, showing that acupuncture inhibits pain via some bioactive substances chiefly the opioids, which desensitize peripheral nociceptors and reduce the proinflammatory cytokines peripherally and depress the neuronal activities centrally, and serotonin and norepinephrine, which decrease the spinal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit GluN1 phosphorylation. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:609594. doi: 10.1155/2014/609594. Epub 2014 Dec 29. Visceral Pain Review
25614752 In this paper, we summarize the neural substrates of visceral nociception including the sensory innervation, the afferent pathways to the spinal cord and brain, and, in particular, the special channels in sensing different stimuli and mediating their cellular processes and thereby address the potential mechanisms behind acupuncture for the management of visceral pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:609594. doi: 10.1155/2014/609594. Epub 2014 Dec 29. Visceral Pain Review
25614752 Management of Pain and Visceral Pain by Acupuncture Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:609594. doi: 10.1155/2014/609594. Epub 2014 Dec 29. Visceral Pain Review
25614752 Apart from the clinic studies, numerous laboratory experiments have been carried out to evaluate the acupuncture benefits for visceral pain in animals and further explore the underlying mechanisms. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:609594. doi: 10.1155/2014/609594. Epub 2014 Dec 29. Visceral Pain Review
25614752 showed that EA stimulation inhibited the excitatory neurons in nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) by CRD in rats, indicating its involvement in the mediation of acupuncture analgesia on visceral pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:609594. doi: 10.1155/2014/609594. Epub 2014 Dec 29. Visceral Pain Review
25614752 The evidence implicates the role of serotonergic component in acupuncture effects for visceral pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:609594. doi: 10.1155/2014/609594. Epub 2014 Dec 29. Visceral Pain Review
25614752 Acupuncture achieves analgesic effects on visceral pain via multiple modes (signal interaction and integration at neurons, ion channels, activation of central descending inhibition pathways, gene regulation, etc.) Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:609594. doi: 10.1155/2014/609594. Epub 2014 Dec 29. Analgesic Effect Visceral Pain Review
25614752 For future study, it is interesting to probe the effects of acupuncture on GI microbiota as the latest evidence indicated that bacteria directly activate nociceptors and thereby trigger pain and visceral pain without mobilizing other mediators (B cells, T cells, etc.) Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:609594. doi: 10.1155/2014/609594. Epub 2014 Dec 29. Visceral Pain Review
28243252 Neurobiological Mechanism of Acupuncture for Relieving Visceral Pain of Gastrointestinal Origin Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2017;2017:5687496. doi: 10.1155/2017/5687496. Epub 2017 Jan 24. Visceral Pain Review
28243252 Existing research on the neurological mechanism of electroacupuncture (EA) in the treatment of GI visceral pain has primarily been concerned with the regulation of relevant transduction pathways. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2017;2017:5687496. doi: 10.1155/2017/5687496. Epub 2017 Jan 24. Visceral Pain Review
28243252 Electroacupuncture (EA) can reduce the AchE that has increased during inflammatory reactions to relieve visceral pain. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2017;2017:5687496. doi: 10.1155/2017/5687496. Epub 2017 Jan 24. Visceral Pain Review
31186654 Central and Peripheral Mechanism of Acupuncture Analgesia on Visceral Pain: A Systematic Review Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Review
31186654 Despite the wide use of acupuncture for the management of visceral pain and the growing interest in the pathophysiology of visceral pain, there is no conclusive elucidation of the mechanisms behind the effects of acupuncture on visceral pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Review
31186654 This systematic review aims to provide an integrative understanding of the treatment mechanism of acupuncture for visceral pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Review
31186654 Electronic and hand searches were conducted to identify studies that involved visceral pain and acupuncture. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Review
31186654 The results of our review demonstrated that visceral pain behaviors were significantly alleviated in response to acupuncture treatment in groups treated with this intervention compared to in sham acupuncture or no-treatment groups. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Review
31186654 Changes in the concentrations of β-endorphin, epinephrine, cortisol, and prostaglandin E2 in plasma, the levels of c-Fos, substance P, corticotropin-releasing hormone, P2X3, acetylcholinesterase (AchE), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, and serotonin in the gut/spinal cord, and the neuronal activity of the thalamus were associated with acupuncture treatment in visceral pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Review
31186654 Acupuncture reduced visceral pain behavior and induced significant changes in neuronal activity as well as in the levels of pain/inflammation-related cytokines and neurotransmitters in the brain-gut axis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Review
31186654 Further researches on the thalamus and on a standard animal model are warranted to improve our knowledge on the mechanism of acupuncture that facilitates visceral pain modulation. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Review
31186654 Acupuncture has been used to treat various pain disorders, including visceral pain, and has shown considerable effects on pain relief with only rare cases of adverse events. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Pain Relief Review
31186654 However, the treatment mechanism behind the effects of acupuncture on visceral pain is still unclear, partially due to the lack of a systematic approach that encompasses a wide range of evidence from basic and clinical researches to analyze this aspect. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Review
31186654 In this review, we aimed to provide an integrative understanding of the mechanisms behind the effects of acupuncture therapy on visceral pain in both human and animal subjects, and we suggest directions that can be adopted for future research. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Review
31186654 We included original studies that investigated the therapeutic effects and/or the mechanisms of acupuncture on visceral pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Review
31186654 Among the excluded studies, 67 studies were unrelated to visceral pain or acupuncture, 28 studies were not original, and 11 studies were written in languages other than English or Chinese. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Review
31186654 To our knowledge, this is the first study to systematically review the mechanisms behind the effects of acupuncture on visceral pain studied in both humans and animals through the brain-gut axis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Review
31186654 Increased secretion of β-endorphin and decreased epinephrine, cortisol, and PGE2 levels may be involved in the acupuncture mechanisms at the systemic level that are responsible for the modulation of visceral pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Review
31186654 With regard to how EA normalized the increased low-frequency/high-frequency ratio caused due to stress in the functional dyspepsia model, the results we have discussed demonstrate the modulatory effects of acupuncture on acute stress caused by visceral pain via sympathetic activity and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Review
31186654 These results suggest that changes in neuropeptide concentrations may vary depending on the type of visceral pain model and the stress levels and that acupuncture has bidirectional effects on diverse systems in order to modulate pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Review
31186654 These results indicate that the spinal cord plays a critical role in the analgesic mechanism of acupuncture for visceral pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Review
31186654 To improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of acupuncture that are involved in the treatment of visceral pain, studies conducted according to well-validated guidelines with detailed reports on the acupuncture intervention employed are warranted. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Review
31186654 Based on these results, we found that acupuncture induces analgesic effects on visceral pain via multiple pathways from the peripheral organs (gut) to the CNS (brain). Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Analgesic Effect Visceral Pain Review
31186654 Visceral organs are where visceral pain occurs, and acupuncture directly regulates visceral pain by reducing the levels of intrinsic inflammatory biomarkers and increasing the levels of serotonin and endogenous opioid neurotransmitters. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Review
31186654 In the brain, acupuncture attenuates the levels of neural activity and pain excitation neurons in the thalamus and reduces stress-related hormone levels in the hypothalamus, which suggests that the neural and hormonal changes in the thalamus and hypothalamus are involved in the pain modulatory effects of acupuncture on visceral pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Review
31186654 This review summarizes the findings from previous studies associated with the neural and chemical changes that take place through the brain-gut axis in both humans and animals in order to reveal the underlying mechanisms behind the effects of acupuncture treatment on visceral pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Review
31186654 The results of this review demonstrated significant improvements in visceral pain following acupuncture treatments. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Review
31186654 However, achieving an integrative understanding of the mechanism of acupuncture on visceral pain remains a long-term endeavor. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Review
31186654 In future studies, the thalamus and the brain-gut axis could be considered as targets or markers of the visceral pain that is modulated by acupuncture. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Review
31186654 Furthermore, studies on changes in the levels of neurotransmitters or neuropeptides in the gut and the brain may improve our knowledge of visceral pain modulation by acupuncture treatment. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Review
31186654 Frequency distribution of acupuncture points in the human and animal studies on visceral pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Review
31186654 Acupuncture points on Stomach Meridian (ST) and Conception Vessel Meridian (CV) are most frequently selected for visceral pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Review
31186654 Schematic illustration of functional and metabolic changes (peptides, proteins, and mRNA) of the brain-gut axis by acupuncture in visceral pain studies. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Review
31186654 In animal, a great variety of metabolic changes have been reported as well as functional neural activities, demonstrating that acupuncture induces a wide range of changes through the brain-gut axis in visceral pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 May 2;2019:1304152. doi: 10.1155/2019/1304152. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Review
33883931 Acupuncture has been proven to be an effective analgesic intervention in management of diverse types of pain, such as inflammatory pain, visceral pain, cancer pain, and neuropathic pain, including chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain. J Pain Res. 2021 Apr 15;14:993-1005. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S296150. eCollection 2021. Analgesic Effect Visceral Pain Neuropathic Pain Cancer Pain Inflammatory Pain Review
34093111 However, except for the neuropathic pain mostly applied in the skin to explore the central mechanisms of acupuncture analgesia, the muscle and visceral pain using specific stimulations deserve more attention to broaden the recognition of acupuncture analgesia in the experimental pain. Front Neurosci. 2021 May 20;15:648305. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.648305. eCollection 2021. Visceral Pain Neuropathic Pain Review
34408622 Further, A2bR mediates the acupuncture-induced inhibition of the release of the pro-inflammatory factor IL-1β and reduces visceral pain. Front Neurosci. 2021 Aug 2;15:695670. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.695670. eCollection 2021. Visceral Pain Review
34658755 Acupuncture may relieve visceral pain response by reducing the Ach level, which increased during inflammatory reactions. Front Neurosci. 2021 Sep 28;15:696843. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.696843. eCollection 2021. Visceral Pain Review
34658755 Acupuncture stimulation may inhibit the neural response activated by enteric nociceptive afferents and be responsible for the induction of the attenuation of visceral pain or VH. Front Neurosci. 2021 Sep 28;15:696843. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.696843. eCollection 2021. Visceral Pain Review
34729102 Acupuncture has been commonly employed in China to treat gastrointestinal symptoms for thousands of years and the possible mechanisms behind might be through the altering acid secretion, GI motility, and visceral pain. J Cancer. 2021 Oct 11;12(23):7003-7009. doi: 10.7150/jca.55803. eCollection 2021. Visceral Pain Review
34899943 This review portrays the role of inflammation in PD pathophysiology, provides evidence from clinical and animal studies on acupuncture for inflammation-induced visceral pain, and reflects on acupuncture-related therapies for dysmenorrhea with regard to their anti-inflammatory characteristics. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021 Dec 3;2021:1907009. doi: 10.1155/2021/1907009. eCollection 2021. Visceral Pain Review
34899943 Numerous studies have so far elucidated the underlying mechanism of acupuncture for various types of pain, including visceral pain, and it has been emphasized that anti-inflammatory effects can contribute to the analgesic mechanism of this alternative therapy. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021 Dec 3;2021:1907009. doi: 10.1155/2021/1907009. eCollection 2021. Visceral Pain Review
34899943 Acupuncture for Inflammatory Visceral Pain Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021 Dec 3;2021:1907009. doi: 10.1155/2021/1907009. eCollection 2021. Visceral Pain Review
34899943 Acupuncture is widely used in treating visceral pain, in which enhancing anti-inflammatory effect is assumed as one of the important mechanisms. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021 Dec 3;2021:1907009. doi: 10.1155/2021/1907009. eCollection 2021. Visceral Pain Review
34899943 Considering a large number of acupuncture forms for visceral pain, the use of this alternative therapy for inflammatory visceral pain is delineated here. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021 Dec 3;2021:1907009. doi: 10.1155/2021/1907009. eCollection 2021. Visceral Pain Review
34899943 Briefly, both clinical evidence and animal studies have proved the efficacy and reliability of acupuncture in the treatment of inflammatory visceral pain, such as CCPS, IBS, ulcerative colitis, and acute appendicitis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021 Dec 3;2021:1907009. doi: 10.1155/2021/1907009. eCollection 2021. Visceral Pain Review
34899943 As discussed earlier, acupuncture can bring a good effect on inflammatory visceral pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021 Dec 3;2021:1907009. doi: 10.1155/2021/1907009. eCollection 2021. Visceral Pain Review
35145373 Meanwhile, acupuncture improved gastrointestinal dysmotility and suppressed visceral pain and acid secretion, all of which implied that acupuncture may be conducive for patients with FGID. Front Neurosci. 2022 Jan 25;15:781215. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.781215. eCollection 2021. Visceral Pain Review
35737304 Acupuncture has been shown to alter blood flow and autonomic activity that regulates visceral pain and function. Vet Sci. 2022 May 26;9(6):252. doi: 10.3390/vetsci9060252. Visceral Pain Blood Flow Review
35937886 The ALE results suggest a core modulation brain region cluster for musculoskeletal pain treatment by acupuncture, which not only clarifies the pain perception of acupuncture intervention as well as the up and down stable pathways of pain modulation (cerebellum and brainstem) (Moulton et al.,; Ruscheweyh et al.,; Napadow et al.,; Mercer Lindsay et al.,) but more importantly, the subcortical pain matrix brain region was found to be involved in the central modulation of acupuncture for musculoskeletal pain, which is an important reference value for others to conduct the research on the central modulation of acupuncture for visceral pain. Front Neurosci. 2022 Jul 22;16:906875. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.906875. eCollection 2022. Visceral Pain Review
36570846 The autonomic nuclei in prosencephalon regions such as ACC and PFC can be involved in acupuncture to alleviate visceral pain. Front Neurosci. 2022 Dec 8;16:1038945. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1038945. eCollection 2022. Visceral Pain Review
36570846 Electroacupuncture at Dachangshu (BL25) has been found to significantly downregulate P2Y12 expression in the PFC, attenuating microglial activation and thereby inhibiting IL-1β expression in the PFC, leading to reductions in both visceral pain and depressive symptoms in mice with IBD. Front Neurosci. 2022 Dec 8;16:1038945. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1038945. eCollection 2022. Visceral Pain Review
36570846 P2 × 3 receptors play an essential role in visceral pain in IBS and electroacupuncture at ST37, and ST25 has been shown to reduce sensitivity to visceral pain by downregulating P2 × 3 receptor expression in the PFC and ACC of rats. Front Neurosci. 2022 Dec 8;16:1038945. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1038945. eCollection 2022. Visceral Pain Review
36570846 This evidence shows that autonomic nuclei such as ACC and PFC can also be involved in acupuncture to alleviate visceral pain. Front Neurosci. 2022 Dec 8;16:1038945. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1038945. eCollection 2022. Visceral Pain Review
36698826 Although the mechanism underlying acupuncture-induced analgesia is not clear, it has been shown to exert its analgesic effects though nervous system modulation, endocrine regulation, and smooth muscle relaxation on visceral pain. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Jan 9;9:1100014. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1100014. eCollection 2022. Analgesic Effect Visceral Pain Endocrinology Review
36968499 Mechanistically, investigations with patients and animal models have indicated that acupuncture may ameliorate intestinal inflammation, regulate the brain-gut axis via modulating brain processing of visceral pain, reforming intestinal microbiota, and restoring peptide hormones expression, and thereby alleviate FD symptoms. Front Neurosci. 2023 Mar 8;17:1109510. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1109510. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
37795371 Additionally, several studies in animals and humans show altered levels of stress hormones such as cortisol and epinephrine, and changes in 5-HT associated with acupuncture, although mostly in the context of visceral pain management. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Sep 18;14:1236370. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1236370. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
37990288 Acupuncture exerts analgesic effects on visceral pain through various mechanisms, including signal interaction and integration at neurons, ion channels, activation of central descending inhibitory pathways, gene regulation, and the recruitment of various biochemicals, such as opioids, 5-HT, and NMDA (Zhang et al. Bioelectron Med. 2023 Nov 22;9(1):27. doi: 10.1186/s42234-023-00130-5. Analgesic Effect Visceral Pain Review
37990288 Mechanisms of acupuncture and EA for treating visceral pain Bioelectron Med. 2023 Nov 22;9(1):27. doi: 10.1186/s42234-023-00130-5. Visceral Pain Review
37990288 Acupuncture and EA exert their effects on visceral pain through peripheral, spinal, and supraspinal mechanisms (Zhang et al.). Bioelectron Med. 2023 Nov 22;9(1):27. doi: 10.1186/s42234-023-00130-5. Visceral Pain Review
37990288 These studies demonstrated that acupuncture and EA decrease numerous chemicals at peripheral sites to desensitize visceral afferents and improve visceral pain. Bioelectron Med. 2023 Nov 22;9(1):27. doi: 10.1186/s42234-023-00130-5. Visceral Pain Review
37990288 Acupuncture and EA may also attenuate visceral pain through the spinal and supraspinal mechanisms. Bioelectron Med. 2023 Nov 22;9(1):27. doi: 10.1186/s42234-023-00130-5. Visceral Pain Review
37990288 EA at ST36 and ST37 decrease c-Fos expression in the RVM (Qi and Li), suggesting that acupuncture and EA may relieve visceral pain by inhibiting NMDAR activation in the RVM. Bioelectron Med. 2023 Nov 22;9(1):27. doi: 10.1186/s42234-023-00130-5. Visceral Pain Review
37990288 Taken together, based on the studies presented here, we hypothesized that acupuncture and EA would alleviate visceral pain in GI disorders by regulating the peripheral, central, and endocrine systems. Bioelectron Med. 2023 Nov 22;9(1):27. doi: 10.1186/s42234-023-00130-5. Visceral Pain Endocrinology Review
37990288 TEA may share common mechanisms with acupuncture, EA, and taVNS in managing visceral pain in GI disorders. Bioelectron Med. 2023 Nov 22;9(1):27. doi: 10.1186/s42234-023-00130-5. Visceral Pain Review
38027491 Modulation of visceral pain by brain nuclei and brain circuits and the role of acupuncture: a narrative review Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
38027491 In addition, acupuncture can regulate visceral pain by influencing functional connections between different brain regions and regulating glucose metabolism. Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
38027491 However, there are still some limitations in the research efforts focusing on the specific brain mechanisms associated with the effects of acupuncture on the alleviation of visceral pain. Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
38027491 Clinical practice has provided evidence to support the fact that acupuncture can relieve visceral pain; it is possible that the mechanisms involved includes alterations in pain-related brain regions and the activities of certain neural circuits. Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
38027491 Summarizing the brain mechanism of acupuncture regulating visceral pain, we found that the effect of acupuncture on visceral pain depends on the interactions with the supraspinal central structures. Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
38027491 In addition, acupuncture can also regulate visceral pain by affecting functional connectivity and regulating glucose metabolism in specific brain regions. Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
38027491 With the continuous development of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and calcium imaging techniques, further basic and clinical research can be carried out in the future, constantly searching for new brain nuclei and neural circuits and providing new targets or treatment strategies for clinical treatment of visceral pain and identify specific acupuncture-related pathways and mechanisms. Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
38027491 Brain mechanisms underlying the regulatory effect of acupuncture on visceral pain Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
38027491 The supraspinal central structure involved in the regulatory effect of acupuncture on visceral pain Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
38027491 Electrolytic damage to the NTS significantly increased the threshold for visceral pain and weaken the inhibitory effect of EA, thus indicating that the NTS plays an essential role in inhibiting the visceral pain response by acupuncture. Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
38027491 Previous research demonstrated that acupuncture can inhibit visceral somatic reflex activity in animal models, while damage to the median medulla of the raphe magnus nucleus can significantly reduce the inhibitory effect of acupuncture, thus indicating that acupuncture activates the raphe magnus nucleus and participates in the downward inhibitory effect of the visceral pain response. Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
38027491 EA at the ST36 acupoint in the cat was shown to inhibit its nociceptive neurons; this may represent a possible mechanism for acupuncture-induced analgesic effects on visceral pain. Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Analgesic Effect Visceral Pain Review
38027491 EA at the Zusanli (ST36) acupoint was shown to significantly inhibit the discharge frequency of excited pain neurons and increase the discharge frequency of inhibitory pain neurons in the MD neurons of rats suffering from visceral pain, thus suggesting that the MD is not only involved in the transmission of visceral pain information but also in the transmission of information generated by acupuncture. Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
38027491 Relevant nuclei in the hypothalamus represent another central pathway involved in the effects of acupuncture treatment on visceral pain sensitivity, which may be related to changes in hypothalamic neurotransmitters and the levels of key hormones levels. Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
38027491 As one of the most essential nuclei in the anterior hypothalamus, the PVN plays an important role in regulating visceral pain and is also a central nucleus involved in the effects of acupuncture treatment on visceral pain. Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
38027491 For example, acupuncture at the Dachangshu (BL 25) acupoint can alleviate depression anxiety-like behavior in a mouse model of visceral pain by regulating the expression of P2Y12 receptors in the PFC and cannabinoid receptors in the hippocampus. Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Anxiety Depression Review
38027491 Acupuncture mediates the regulation of visceral pain by neurotransmitters and receptors in specific regions of the brain Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
38027491 The effect of acupuncture on visceral pain depends upon interactions between the brainstem, thalamus, hypothalamus, and some advanced centers in the cerebral cortex; many neurotransmitters and receptors are involved in this analgesic mechanism. Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
38027491 Collectively, this information suggests that acupuncture can alleviate visceral pain by regulating the expression of 5-HT and its receptors in the peripheral and central regions. Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
38027491 Acupuncture regulates functional activities of visceral pain in the brain Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
38027491 The rapid development of neuroimaging technology has allowed us to investigate the central mechanisms responsible for the effect of acupuncture on visceral pain. Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
38027491 Previous studies have shown that abnormalities in the FC of the brain may represent the basis of visceral pain and that acupuncture can exert analgesic effects by regulating abnormal functional networks in the brain. Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Analgesic Effect Visceral Pain Review
38027491 Previous research showed that following acupuncture treatment, the FC of the attention network (the temporal lobe) and the visceral pain network (such as the insula and middle cingulate gyrus) in IBS patients was weakened, the FC of the right anterior cingulate gyrus cerebellar vermis was enhanced, and that the FC of the left amygdala left posterior central gyrus was weakened. Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
38027491 By utilizing different animal models of visceral pain, researchers have concluded that acupuncture information and visceral nociceptive signals can reach different brain regions at the same time and create an analgesic effect by influencing the secretion and release of neurotransmitters and receptors in different brain regions. Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Analgesic Effect Visceral Pain Review
38027491 In addition, acupuncture has also been shown to regulate visceral pain by influencing functional activities and glucose metabolism in the brain. Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
38027491 Thus, ongoing research has significantly enhanced our understanding of the brain mechanisms visceral pain and the role of acupuncture; however, some limitations and deficiencies remain that need to be considered and investigated in future research. Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
38027491 Potential neural circuits underlying visceral pain and the role of acupuncture in analgesia. Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
38027491 Investigations of the differential mechanisms and phenomena associated with visceral pain have identified specific targets for acupuncture in terms of analgesia. Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
38027491 Acupuncture has been shown to relieve visceral pain, depression, anxiety, and other negative emotions by regulating the functional activities of certain brain regions, including the regulation of receptor expression and neurotransmitter release, including serotonin and epinephrine (Figure 1). Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Anxiety Depression Mood Review
38027491 However, current research on the mechanisms of acupuncture in the treatment of visceral pain is limited to a single nucleus. Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
38027491 Therefore, our future research should focus on investigating the specific mechanisms underlying the specific effects of acupuncture on visceral pain based on different brain nerve circuits. Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
38027491 Future research needs to pay more attention to the clinical transformation of animal experiments so that we can inform clinical decision-making for the precise mechanisms underlying the effect of acupuncture on visceral pain. Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
38027491 Such research will enhance our understanding of the potential central mechanisms responsible for the effect of acupuncture on visceral pain. Front Neurosci. 2023 Nov 1;17:1243232. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1243232. eCollection 2023. Visceral Pain Review
11506105 Incisional pain at rest and during coughing and deep visceral pain were recorded during recovery and for 4 days thereafter on a four-point verbal rating scale. Anesthesiology. 2001 Aug;95(2):349-56. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200108000-00015. Visceral Pain Clinic
15694267 Acupuncture treatment is one of the most desirable choices for the management of pain including chronic visceral pain, but its scientific evidence and laws of action are not very clear at this point. Neurosci Lett. 2005 Mar 7;376(1):20-3. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.11.018. Epub 2004 Dec 8. Visceral Pain Mechanism
15694267 In this study, we examined the immediate and cumulative effects of electro-acupuncture (EA) on chronic visceral pain induced by colorectal distention (CRD) stimuli in rats using an irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) model (a chronic visceral hypersensitivity model). Neurosci Lett. 2005 Mar 7;376(1):20-3. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.11.018. Epub 2004 Dec 8. Visceral Pain Mechanism
15694267 These data provide evidence that visceral pain associated with the rat IBS model can be effectively treated by EA and opens up the possibility of clinical treatment of chronic visceral pain with acupuncture. Neurosci Lett. 2005 Mar 7;376(1):20-3. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.11.018. Epub 2004 Dec 8. Visceral Pain Mechanism
26338695 CONCLUSIONS: The up-regulation of TRPV1 and HSP70 expression in bone marrow cells may be involved in visceral pain development and the analgesic effect of moxibustion on VH may be mediated through down-regulation of TRPV1 and HSP70 expression in bone marrow cells. Acupunct Med. 2016 Apr;34(2):114-9. doi: 10.1136/acupmed-2015-010788. Epub 2015 Sep 3. Analgesic Effect Visceral Pain Mechanism
37435647 Determination of Visceral Pain Threshold and Intestinal Propulsion Rate J Neurophysiol. 2023 Aug 1;130(2):380-391. doi: 10.1152/jn.00156.2023. Epub 2023 Jul 12. Visceral Pain Mechanism
37435647 Visceral pain threshold determination was performed after the last EA in the first part of the study as follows: the rats were fasted for 12 h, and each rat was anesthetized under inhaled isoflurane. J Neurophysiol. 2023 Aug 1;130(2):380-391. doi: 10.1152/jn.00156.2023. Epub 2023 Jul 12. Visceral Pain Mechanism
37435647 Following the determination of the visceral pain threshold, a blood sample from the abdominal aorta was collected while the intestinal propulsion rate was measured. J Neurophysiol. 2023 Aug 1;130(2):380-391. doi: 10.1152/jn.00156.2023. Epub 2023 Jul 12. Visceral Pain Mechanism
37435647 EA Increased Visceral Pain Threshold and Inhibited Intestinal Motility in the IBS Rat Model J Neurophysiol. 2023 Aug 1;130(2):380-391. doi: 10.1152/jn.00156.2023. Epub 2023 Jul 12. Visceral Pain Mechanism
37435647 We determined whether EA increased visceral pain threshold and inhibited intestinal motility (Fig. J Neurophysiol. 2023 Aug 1;130(2):380-391. doi: 10.1152/jn.00156.2023. Epub 2023 Jul 12. Visceral Pain Mechanism
37435647 Under chronic atypical stress, the visceral pain threshold [P < 0.05, F(3,28) = 12.55] in the IBS group was clearly decreased and significantly increased in the EA group (Fig. J Neurophysiol. 2023 Aug 1;130(2):380-391. doi: 10.1152/jn.00156.2023. Epub 2023 Jul 12. Visceral Pain Mechanism
37435647 Electroacupuncture (EA) increased visceral pain threshold and inhibited intestinal motility. J Neurophysiol. 2023 Aug 1;130(2):380-391. doi: 10.1152/jn.00156.2023. Epub 2023 Jul 12. Visceral Pain Mechanism
37435647 Finally, visceral pain threshold, electrophysiological test, and intestinal propulsion rate were detected, and abdominal aortic blood was collected. J Neurophysiol. 2023 Aug 1;130(2):380-391. doi: 10.1152/jn.00156.2023. Epub 2023 Jul 12. Visceral Pain Mechanism
37435647 C: statistical graphics of visceral pain threshold values of each group. J Neurophysiol. 2023 Aug 1;130(2):380-391. doi: 10.1152/jn.00156.2023. Epub 2023 Jul 12. Visceral Pain Mechanism
37435647 In this study, chronic allotypic stress stimulation for 15 days in IBS rats could improve visceral sensitivity, reduce visceral pain threshold, promote intestinal motility, shorten stool excretion time, and promote the secretion of stress hormones such as CRH, ACTH, and CORT in peripheral blood. J Neurophysiol. 2023 Aug 1;130(2):380-391. doi: 10.1152/jn.00156.2023. Epub 2023 Jul 12. Visceral Pain Mechanism
37435647 Moreover, CRHR2 might have a regulatory function in response to CRHR1 stimulation of the HPA axis or anxiety, and CRHR2 played an important regulatory role in the process of visceral pain signaling. J Neurophysiol. 2023 Aug 1;130(2):380-391. doi: 10.1152/jn.00156.2023. Epub 2023 Jul 12. Visceral Pain Anxiety Mechanism
37435647 Activation of the CRHR2 signaling pathway could alleviate visceral pain sensitivity caused by colon dilatation. J Neurophysiol. 2023 Aug 1;130(2):380-391. doi: 10.1152/jn.00156.2023. Epub 2023 Jul 12. Visceral Pain Mechanism
37435647 The activation of the CRH-CRHR1 signaling pathway decreased the visceral pain threshold, and the CRH-CRHR2 signaling pathway increased the visceral pain threshold. J Neurophysiol. 2023 Aug 1;130(2):380-391. doi: 10.1152/jn.00156.2023. Epub 2023 Jul 12. Visceral Pain Mechanism
37435647 The CRH-CRHR1 signaling pathway played a dominant role in the process of chronic visceral pain in IBS rats. J Neurophysiol. 2023 Aug 1;130(2):380-391. doi: 10.1152/jn.00156.2023. Epub 2023 Jul 12. Visceral Pain Mechanism
29123119 In line with our findings showing DRGs double-labelled with DiI and FG (Fig. 5B), DRG neurons with dichotomized afferents innervating both skin and viscera have been reported and are considered as a mechanism of referred visceral pain. Sci Rep. 2017 Nov 9;7(1):15214. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14359-z. Visceral Pain Mechanism
25481535 Several animal studies have demonstrated that the analgesic effects of BVA are mediated mainly by activation of α2-adrenergic and/or serotonergic receptors in various pain models, such as nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain, acetic acid-induced visceral pain and inflammatory pain. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014 Dec 6;14:471. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-471. Analgesic Effect Visceral Pain Neuropathic Pain Inflammatory Pain Mechanism
29981376 In pre-clinical studies, stimulation of ST36 suppresses neuropathic pain induced by paclitaxel, oxaliplatin, inferior caudal trunk injury, and spinal nerve ligation, as well as inflammatory pain induced by Complete Freund's Adjuvant, collagenase, and carrageenan, and visceral pain induced by acetic acid. J Pain. 2018 Dec;19(12):1384.e1-1384.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2018.05.013. Epub 2018 Jul 4. Visceral Pain Neuropathic Pain Inflammatory Pain Mechanism
34646326 Visceral pain is a common type of pain caused by underlying disease, for which patients frequently seek medical intervention. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021 Oct 4;2021:5561999. doi: 10.1155/2021/5561999. eCollection 2021. Visceral Pain Mechanism
34646326 The most common drugs currently used to treat acute and chronic visceral pain disorders include analgesics, antispasmodics, and antidepressants. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021 Oct 4;2021:5561999. doi: 10.1155/2021/5561999. eCollection 2021. Visceral Pain Mechanism
34646326 Acupuncture is widely used to alleviate visceral pain in China, owing to its ability to provide pain relief with few side effects such as addictiveness. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021 Oct 4;2021:5561999. doi: 10.1155/2021/5561999. eCollection 2021. Visceral Pain Pain Relief Side Effects Mechanism
34646326 Several clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of acupuncture-moxibustion in visceral pain treatment. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021 Oct 4;2021:5561999. doi: 10.1155/2021/5561999. eCollection 2021. Visceral Pain Mechanism
34646326 Peripheral injury or inflammation induced the secretion of large amounts of inflammatory mediators, and the expression of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was significantly elevated in the acute inflammatory visceral pain induced by acetic acid in rats, which contributed to the sensitization of peripheral receptors involved in pain transmission as the levels of TRPV1 and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) increased. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021 Oct 4;2021:5561999. doi: 10.1155/2021/5561999. eCollection 2021. Visceral Pain Mechanism
34646326 In this study, we found that TRPV1 protein and mRNA expression in rats with acute visceral hyperalgesia were higher than the normal and decreased after MA, which indicated that acupuncture could alleviate visceral pain by mediating the regulation of TRPV1, as observed previously. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021 Oct 4;2021:5561999. doi: 10.1155/2021/5561999. eCollection 2021. Visceral Pain Mechanism
34646326 The dose-effect of the analgesic effect of these two acupoints for visceral pain is unknown. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021 Oct 4;2021:5561999. doi: 10.1155/2021/5561999. eCollection 2021. Analgesic Effect Visceral Pain Mechanism
34646326 This may help understand the mechanism of acupuncture in the treatment of acute visceral pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021 Oct 4;2021:5561999. doi: 10.1155/2021/5561999. eCollection 2021. Visceral Pain Mechanism
34675986 The acupuncture-induced analgesic effect has been valuable in alleviating diverse pains, including headache, muscle pain, joint pain, visceral pain, and postoperative pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021 Oct 12;2021:5528780. doi: 10.1155/2021/5528780. eCollection 2021. Analgesic Effect Visceral Pain Mechanism
30872987 To determine whether nerves or connective tissue mediate the action of acupuncture, we constructed a robotic acupuncture needle twister that mimicked the twisting of the needle by an acupuncturist, and we examined the role of nerves and connective tissues in the generation of acupuncture effects in rat cocaine-induced locomotion, stress-induced hypertension, and mustard oil-induced visceral pain models. Front Neurosci. 2019 Feb 20;13:110. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00110. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Mechanism
30872987 Robotic or manual twisting of acupuncture needles effectively suppressed cocaine-induced hyperactivity, elevated systemic blood pressure or mustard oil-induced visceral pain in rats. Front Neurosci. 2019 Feb 20;13:110. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00110. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Blood Pressure Mechanism
30872987 To explore whether acupuncture effects are mediated through nerve or connective tissue, we used our newly constructed robotic needle twister to test the effects of twisting acupuncture in the rat models of cocaine-induced locomotion, immobilization-induced hypertension and mustard oil-induced visceral pain, and explored whether the effects of acupuncture are altered by a blockade of nerves or disruption of connective tissue. Front Neurosci. 2019 Feb 20;13:110. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00110. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Mechanism
30872987 Mustard Oil-Induced Visceral Pain and Measurement of Electromyographic Response to Colorectal Distension Front Neurosci. 2019 Feb 20;13:110. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00110. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Mechanism
30872987 To further confirm this, we repeated the experiments in the rat models of immobilization-induced hypertension (IMH) or mustard oil-induced visceral pain. Front Neurosci. 2019 Feb 20;13:110. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00110. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Mechanism
30872987 In the rat model of mustard oil-induced visceral pain, acupuncture needles were inserted into BL62-64 and manually rotated, and visceral sensitivity was assessed in recording the electromyographic (EMG) responses to graded colorectal distensions (CRD) of 20, 40, 60, and 80 mmHg in conscious rats. Front Neurosci. 2019 Feb 20;13:110. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00110. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Mechanism
30872987 Using our robotic device that mimicked needle twisting by a human acupuncturist, we demonstrated that twisting acupuncture effectively suppressed cocaine-induced locomotor activity, immobilization-induced hypertension and mustard oil-induced visceral pain, which was completely prevented by blocking afferent nerves with bupivacaine but not by degrading connective tissue with type I collagenase. Front Neurosci. 2019 Feb 20;13:110. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00110. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Mechanism
30872987 In the present study, injection of a long-lasting local anesthetic bupivacaine into acupoints effectively blocked acupuncture effects in the rat models of cocaine-induced locomotion, hypertension, and mustard oil-induced visceral pain, suggesting that acupuncture signals are conveyed via afferent nerve fibers. Front Neurosci. 2019 Feb 20;13:110. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00110. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Mechanism
30872987 In conclusion, twisting acupuncture produced therapeutic effects in rat cocaine-induced locomotion, hypertension and mustard oil-induced visceral pain models, and these effects were abolished by a blockade of the afferent nerve in the vicinity of acupoints but not by disruption of collagen fibers. Front Neurosci. 2019 Feb 20;13:110. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00110. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Mechanism
25206515 The P2X receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel that plays an important role in visceral pain, and has been extensively investigated. Neural Regen Res. 2013 Aug 5;8(22):2069-77. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.22.006. Visceral Pain Mechanism
25206515 Adenosine triphosphate plays a regulatory role in visceral pain signal transduction and visceral hyperalgesia through P2X and P2Y receptors, and regulates intestinal movement and gastrointestinal secretion. Neural Regen Res. 2013 Aug 5;8(22):2069-77. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.22.006. Visceral Pain Mechanism
25206515 However, there are few studies examining the relationship of the P2X4 receptor with visceral pain. Neural Regen Res. 2013 Aug 5;8(22):2069-77. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.22.006. Visceral Pain Mechanism
25206515 Academic terminology: Abdominal withdrawal reflex score is a scoring method that measures visceral pain after colorectal distension with a saccule. Neural Regen Res. 2013 Aug 5;8(22):2069-77. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.22.006. Visceral Pain Mechanism
25206727 Of the purinergic receptors, the P2X receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel, and plays an important role in visceral pain. Neural Regen Res. 2013 Mar 25;8(9):802-8. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.09.004. Visceral Pain Mechanism
25206727 Recent studies have confirmed that adenosine triphosphate plays an important role in visceral pain signal transduction and visceral hyperalgesia via P2X and P2Y receptors, and adjusts intestinal movement and gastrointestinal secretion. Neural Regen Res. 2013 Mar 25;8(9):802-8. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.09.004. Visceral Pain Mechanism
27594888 Abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) in response to acute visceral pain was used to assess the intestinal sensitivity following the method of Al-Chaer et al.. Acute visceral pain was evoked by colorectal distention (CRD). Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:1935372. doi: 10.1155/2016/1935372. Epub 2016 Aug 3. Visceral Pain Mechanism
27594888 AWR in response to acute visceral pain was used to assess the intestinal sensitivity following the method of Al-Chaer et al.. The results show that, in CPS rats, scores of AWR were higher significantly. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:1935372. doi: 10.1155/2016/1935372. Epub 2016 Aug 3. Visceral Pain Mechanism
31737064 Visceral pain threshold, the percentage of time spent in open arms (OT%) in the elevated plus maze test (EPMT), and the sucrose preference (SP%) in the sucrose preference test (SPT) were measured at baseline, day 15, and day 30. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2019 Oct 13;2019:1759842. doi: 10.1155/2019/1759842. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Mechanism
31737064 Compared with the blank control group, visceral pain threshold pressure, the expression of ZO-1, OT%, SP%, CRF, and CRF-R1 mRNA expression in the hypothalamus, and double staining of IMMC and CRF-R1 were decreased significantly in the CUMS group. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2019 Oct 13;2019:1759842. doi: 10.1155/2019/1759842. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Mechanism
31737064 The results also showed that the visceral pain threshold of IBS rats decreased substantially after CUMS. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2019 Oct 13;2019:1759842. doi: 10.1155/2019/1759842. eCollection 2019. Visceral Pain Mechanism
23573158 Despite multiple therapeutic approaches, the treatment of visceral pain remains a significant challenge. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:920675. doi: 10.1155/2013/920675. Epub 2013 Mar 16. Visceral Pain Mechanism
23573158 The rats were reared until they reached adulthood (at least 6 week old), and behavioral responses to visceral pain induced by acute CRD were then examined. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:920675. doi: 10.1155/2013/920675. Epub 2013 Mar 16. Visceral Pain Mechanism
23573158 Abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) scoring system was adopted for behavioral assessment in the evaluation of visceral pain (Table 1), using a procedure as previously described. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:920675. doi: 10.1155/2013/920675. Epub 2013 Mar 16. Visceral Pain Mechanism
23573158 Also, the data showed dynorphin mRNA/protein and KOR mRNA were largely increased following 7 times of WM treatment, indicating that WM relieved visceral pain by activating spinal dynorphin-κ system. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:920675. doi: 10.1155/2013/920675. Epub 2013 Mar 16. Visceral Pain Mechanism
23573158 Different rat models of visceral pain and the use of kappa receptor agonist may be involved, so further investigation would be necessary. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:920675. doi: 10.1155/2013/920675. Epub 2013 Mar 16. Visceral Pain Mechanism
23573158 Also, the data showed that OFQ and OFQ receptor mRNA were largely increased following 7 times of WM treatment, indicating that WM may relieve visceral pain by activating spinal OFQ-OFQ receptor system. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:920675. doi: 10.1155/2013/920675. Epub 2013 Mar 16. Visceral Pain Mechanism
26770252 Moreover, inhibition of ERK1/2 activation in ACC after acetic acid injection by subcutaneous injection of the mitogen-activating extracellular kinase (MEK) inhibitor, SL327, attenuates visceral pain-induced anxiety-like behavior. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:235491. doi: 10.1155/2015/235491. Epub 2015 Dec 3. Visceral Pain Anxiety Mechanism
25368638 ATP plays a crucial role in facilitating pain transmission by acting at P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors especially in acute, inflammatory, neuropathic and visceral pains. Neural Regen Res. 2012 Nov 25;7(33):2618-23. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.33.007. Visceral Pain Mechanism