SARS-CoV-2 Mutation Detail Information

Virus Mutation SARS-CoV-2 Mutation D405N


Basic Characteristics of Mutations
Mutation Site D405N
Mutation Site Sentence Moreover, lack of spike/alphavbeta3 interaction, occurring in Omicron BA.5 which contains the D405N mutation in the RGD motif, inhibits HL-mECs infection and dysfunction.
Mutation Level Amino acid level
Mutation Type Nonsynonymous substitution
Gene/Protein/Region RBD
Standardized Encoding Gene S  
Genotype/Subtype BA.5
Viral Reference -
Functional Impact and Mechanisms
Disease Cell line    
Immune -
Target Gene -
Clinical and Epidemiological Correlations
Clinical Information -
Treatment -
Location -
Literature Information
PMID 40248367
Title Heparan sulfate proteoglycans remodel SARS-CoV-2 spike conformation to allow integrin interaction and infection of endothelial cells
Author Bugatti A,Zani A,Bardelli M,Giovanetti M,Ravelli C,Ciccozzi M,Caruso A,Caccuri F
Journal Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
Journal Info 2025 Apr 3;15:1552116
Abstract SARS-CoV-2 infects ACE2-negative primary HL-mECs through the interaction of an RGD motif, included in all spike proteins, up to the Omicron BA.1 subvariant, with alpha(v)beta(3) integrin. Following its entry, SARS-CoV-2 remodels ECs phenotype and promotes angiogenesis in the absence of productive viral replication. Moreover, lack of spike/alpha(v)beta(3) interaction, occurring in Omicron BA.5 which contains the D405N mutation in the RGD motif, inhibits HL-mECs infection and dysfunction. It is worth noting that anti-spike antibodies do not impact SARS-CoV-2 entry into HL-mECs. This data highlights the fact that i) the RGD motif is not exposed in the entire spike protein and ii) the need of a cofactor favoring spike/alpha(v)beta(3) interaction. HSPGs are used by different viruses as receptors and coreceptors for their entry into host cells. Here, we use different approaches to scrutinize the role exerted by HSPGs in favoring SARS-CoV-2 infection of ECs. We highlight HSPGs as key molecules responsible for RGD exposure allowing its binding to the alpha(v)beta(3) integrin as the first step toward viral entry by endocytosis. Indeed, SPR analysis showed lack of spike/alpha(v)beta(3) interaction in the absence of heparin. This data was further corroborated by immunofluorescence and infectivity assays. Interestingly, the use of Heparinase III or sodium chlorate counteracts the release of proangiogenic molecules and inhibits signaling pathways induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, HSPGs may represent a target for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection of ECs and EC dysfunction-related COVID-19 severity.
Sequence Data -
Mutation Information
Note
Basic Characteristics of Mutations
  • Mutation Site: The specific location in a gene or protein sequence where a change occurs.
  • Mutation Level: The level at which a mutation occurs, including the nucleotide or amino acid level.
  • Mutation Type: The nature of the mutation, such as missense mutation, nonsense mutation, synonymous mutation, etc.
  • Gene/Protein/Region: Refers to the specific region of the virus where the mutation occurs. Including viral genes, viral proteins, or a specific viral genome region. If the article does not specifically indicate the relationship between the mutation and its correspondence, the main
  • Gene/Protein/Region studied in the article is marked.
  • Genotype/Subtype: Refers to the viral genotype or subtype where the mutation occurs. If the article does not specifically indicate the relationship between the mutation and its correspondence, the main Genotype/Subtype studied in the article is marked.
  • Viral Reference: Refers to the standard virus strain used to compare and analyze viral sequences.
Functional Impact and Mechanisms
  • Disease: An abnormal physiological state with specific symptoms and signs caused by viral infection.
  • Immune: The article focuses on the study of mutations and immune.
  • Target Gene: Host genes that viral mutations may affect.
Clinical and Epidemiological Correlations
  • Clinical Information: The study is a clinical or epidemiological study and provides basic information about the population.
  • Treatment: The study mentioned a certain treatment method, such as drug resistance caused by mutations. If the study does not specifically indicate the relationship between mutations and their correspondence treatment, the main treatment studied in the article is marked.
  • Location: The source of the research data.
Literature Information
  • Sequence Data: The study provides the data accession number.